The number of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (commonly abbreviated STEM) has significantly increased over the past years. However, women still remain the minority in STEM disciplines and the disparity widens along the educational-vocational continuum, starting at school and gradually increasing during professional (academic) life. There is an ongoing debate as to the source of this disparity and there seems to be a tenacious belief that “innate” sex differences in cognitive abilities may partly account for it, or at least that these differences can partly explain why significantly fewer females than males appear at the upper end of higher cognitive abilities that are required in STEM areas (e.g. Summers, 2005, January 14). This talk will give an overview of current research on neurocognitive sex differences and addresses this issue within a psychobiosocial approach.